“I have earned the distinction of being the first, and in some cases, the only performer of my race to crash the most plush glitter spots. I am still a star.”
– Gladys Bentley
Gladys Bentley’s Story
Gladys Bentley was born on August 12, 1907, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a working class family. Her father was African American and her mother was from Trinidad. The eldest of four children, Bentley had a difficult upbringing. At a young age Bentley discovered she was a lesbian; she felt more comfortable in boys clothes and was attracted to women. Her parents disapproved of her sexuality and took her to several doctors with hopes to “cure” her. At age 16, feeling unwanted in her own home, Bentley ran away to Harlem, New York, at the height of the Harlem Renaissance.
As a result of the Great Migration, African American culture flourished in urban centers such as Harlem, manifesting in the arts, music, poetry, and literature. The 1920s were also notable as the Prohibition Era, when alcohol was illegal in the United States, spurring the emergence of speakeasies, bootleg alcohol, illicit gambling, and gang violence. It was also a time when queer African Americans, such as Bentley, found places where they could express themselves, especially through the entertainment industry.
Bentley started playing piano at all-night rent parties, and she became well known for her deep voice, her boyish apparel, and for performing popular songs of the era with an unladylike twist. Bentley then worked as a performer at Mad House, a club located in the iconic “Jungle Alley, ” and became an instant sensation. Bentley soon became the headliner in different clubs including the notorious speakeasy The Clam House, where she performed in her signature tuxedo and top-hat and openly flirted with women in the audience. In the late 1920s Bentley started a recording career with OKeh Records, which would span for two decades. She performed in clubs all over the country and inspired characters in several books.
In the 1930s, the Great Depression and the repeal of Prohibition led to greater regulation of the entertainment industry, including the music venues in Harlem. While Bentley was able to continue her performing career, she had to adapt her performance to match the times. She moved to Los Angeles in 1937, but still faced legal challenges to perform in men’s clothing.
In the post-World War II era, between the late 1940s and early 1950s, Bentley continued to face challenges over her gender identity. Succumbing to pressure from McCarthy Era harassment of the LGBTQ+ community known as the Lavender Scare, Bentley’s lifestyle became a liability. She changed her image, penning an article in Ebony magazine in 1952 titled, “I am A Woman Again,” stating that she received hormone treatment and married a man. In 1958, she made her only television appearance on Groucho Marx’s “You Bet Your Life” Comedy Show, where she performed in a dress and sang the famous jazz song, “Them Their Eyes.” Bentley died in 1960, at age 52, of influenza.
Featured in the Film
Dwandalyn Reece
Dwandalyn Reece is the Curator of Music and Performing Arts at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of African American History and Culture. Reece is responsible for the acquisition, research, and interpretation of the museum’s music and performing arts collection. In 2017, she received the Smithsonian Secretary’s Research Prize, for her work curating the museum’s permanent exhibition, Musical Crossroads. Reece has collaborated with Smithsonian’s Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage on the NMAAHC’s music festival, Freedom Sounds: A Community Celebration (2016), and the Folklife Festival program, Rhythm & Blues: Tell It Like It Is (2011).
Cookie Woolner
Cookie Woolner is a cultural historian of race, gender, and sexuality in the modern U.S. She is an Assistant Professor in the History department at the University of Memphis. Her manuscript, “The Famous Lady Lovers: African American Women and Same-Sex Desire Before Stonewall”, is the first in-depth examination of black women who loved women in the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries in the U.S.
Shirlette Ammons
Shirlette Ammons is a writer, musician, and a television producer. Her album “Language Barrier,” was co-released in 2016 by Churckey Records and SugarQube Records, the record label she co-founded with her twin sister, Shorlette. The album featured guest appearances from Meshell Ndegeocello, The Indigo Girls, Amelia Meath, Hiss Golden Messenger, and others. In 2013, she released a homage to unsung, cross-dressing, queer blues singer Gladys Bentley called “Twilight for Gladys Bentley.” Afropunk called the record, a “ballsy debut album,” that “reimagines the trials and tribulations of Gladys Bentley’s valiant escapades. Ammons is also a producer of the PBS series A Chef’s Life and Somewhere South. She is a 2016 recipient of Black Public Media’s Pitch Black Prize which awarded funding towards completion of The Hook, a half hour documentary that explores Black maritime history through the narrative of chef Ricky Moore. Her first collection of poetry entitled Stumphole: Anthology of Backwoods Blood was published by Big Drum Press in 2002 and, Matching Skin, her second collection, was published by Carolina Wren Press in 2008.
Her Life & Times
-
IN HISTORY - 1900-1920s
Caribbean Immigrants
-
1907
Gladys Bentley was born
-
IN HISTORY - 1915
The Great Migration and the Evolution of Blues
-
1910s
Bentley’s queer desires
-
IN HISTORY
Homosexuality
-
1923
Bentley moved to New York City
-
IN HISTORY - 1920s-1930s
The Harlem Renaissance
-
IN HISTORY - 1920-1933
Prohibition Era
-
Mid-1920s
Bentley’s Rise in Fame and The Sporting Life
-
IN HISTORY - 1920-1930
The era of the Black female blues singer
-
1928
The Apex of Bentley’s Career
-
1928
Bentley’s recording career
-
IN HISTORY - 1929
Stockmarket Crash and The Great Depression
-
1930s
Bentley in literature
-
1933
Prohibition is repealed
-
IN HISTORY - 1937
Cracking Down on Harlem’s Night Clubs
-
1937
Bentley moved to Los Angeles
-
1940
Bentley faced legal trouble for her attire
-
IN HISTORY - 1950s
The Lavender Scare
-
1952
“I Am a Woman Again”
-
1958
Bentley’s only television appearance
-
1960
Bentley died on January 18 of influenza